Modern diagnostic technologies for HIV.

Novel diagnostic technologies, including nanotechnology, microfluidics, -omics science, next-generation sequencing, genomics big data, and machine learning, could contribute to meeting the UNAIDS 95-95-95 targets to end the HIV epidemic by 2030. Novel technologies include multiplexed technologies (including biomarker-based point-of-care tests and molecular platform technologies), biomarker-based combination antibody and antigen technologies, dried-blood-spot testing, and self-testing. Although biomarker-based rapid tests, in particular antibody-based tests, have dominated HIV diagnostics since the development of the first HIV test in the mid-1980s, targets such as nucleic acids and genes are now used in nanomedicine, biosensors, microfluidics, and -omics to enable early diagnosis of HIV. These novel technologies show promise as they are associated with ease of use, high diagnostic accuracy, rapid detection, and the ability to detect HIV-specific markers. Additional clinical and implementation research is needed to generate evidence for use of novel technologies and a public health approach will be required to address clinical and operational challenges to optimise their global deployment.