Trained innate lymphoid cells in allergic diseases.

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) reside in peripheral tissues such as the lungs, skin, nasal cavity, and gut and provoke innate type 2 immunity against allergen exposure, parasitic worm infection, and respiratory virus infection by producing TH2 cytokines. Recent advances in understanding ILC2 biology revealed that ILC2s can be trained by IL-33 or allergic inflammation, are long-lived, and mount memory-like type 2 immune responses to any other allergens afterwards. In contrast, IL-33, together with retinoic acid, induces IL-10-producing immunosuppressive ILC2s. In this review, we discuss how the allergic cytokine milieu and other immune cells direct the generation of trained ILC2s with immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive recall capability in allergic diseases and infections associated with type 2 immunity. The molecular mechanisms of trained immunity by ILCs and the physiological relevance of trained ILC2s are also discussed.