Integrated health risk assessment and management of heavy metal pollution in industrial estates of Neyshabur, Iran.

Neyshabur's industrial growth has slowly changed the chemical makeup of the soils around it, but we still don't know enough about how this affects people's health. This study examined the concentrations, locations, and potential health impacts of specific heavy metals in proximity to four industrial estates. Nickel concentrations exceeded the guideline value, while chromium concentrations approached the recommended threshold, highlighting these metals as priorities for further environmental monitoring and health risk evaluation. This means that these two metals are more dangerous than the others. Both elements showed a lot of spatial heterogeneity, which suggests that the lithogenic background and emissions from nearby industries worked together to cause this. Fe and Mn showed stable natural patterns, but Cd showed a clear increase as the distance from the estates increased. This suggests that urban and agricultural sources are both contributing to the increase. Directional analysis also showed that there were peaks in concentration along the north-south axis close to a few estates. This means that the way industries are set up, the way transportation works, and the way pollutants move through the air could all have an effect. The health-risk assessment showed that the risks that weren't cancer-causing for both adults and kids were still safe. The carcinogenic risk linked to nickel, chiefly via ingestion, surpassed the USEPA standard in the Attar and Miyanjolgeh estates. This finding shows that even small amounts of pollution can cause long-term health problems.