Journal of ethnopharmacology · 2026
Phytochemical profiling and safety assessment of Curcuma caesia Roxb. methanolic extract in Wistar rats: An in vivo toxicological evaluation.
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Biswas Anupam, Das Rajashree, Mridha Prosenjit, Biswas Tarani, Haldar Saikat, Bora Himangsu K, Phukan Tridip, Hati Boruah Jyoti Lakshmi, Baishya Rinku
Аннотация
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Curcuma caesia Roxb., commonly known as black turmeric, has long been used in Ayurveda and traditional medicine for treating inflammation, wounds, asthma, and oxidative stress-associated diseases. Previous studies have reported its diverse pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anticancer, and antimicrobial effects. However, despite these pharmacological reports and its widespread traditional use, a comprehensive toxicological evaluation of C. caesia remains limited.
AIM OF THE STUDY: The current study aims to investigate the phytochemical profiling and comprehensive toxicity assessment of C. caesia Roxb. rhizome methanolic extract.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Freshly collected Curcuma caesia rhizomes were sun-dried and ground to make fine powder. Sequential solvent extraction was performed, and the methanolic extract (CCM) was subjected to detailed analysis. For the phytochemical analysis, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) quantification, GC-MS and LC-MS analysis were performed. In the acute toxicity assessment, the presence of any lethal effect of CCM was evaluated, whereas for the sub-acute toxicity assessment, the following parameters were checked: animal external behaviour, food/water intake, body weight change, relative organ weight, hematological and serum biochemical analysis, and histopathological evaluation.
RESULTS: Phytochemical analysis revealed highest TPC and TFC content in the CCM extract, 33.57 ± 0.85 mg GAE/g and 159.32 ± 5.81 mg QE/g, respectively. GC-MS analysis of CCM identified 16 tentative compounds, where curcumenol (40.91 ± 1.47 mg/g CCM) and curzerenone (24.99 ± 0.45 mg/g CCM) were found to be predominant. LC-MS study tentatively identified 12 compounds using the library, out of which 6 compounds were previously reported to be present in Curcumaspecies. In vitro toxicity assessment, CCM did not exhibit any significant hemolytic activity up to 80 μg/mL. Besides, the acute toxicity study revealed that the extract showed no lethal effect up to the highest dose of 2000 mg/kg bw. In contrast, the sub-acute toxicity study confirmed a safe dose of up to 200 mg/kg bw. However, 300 mg/kg bw dosage resulted in early signs of toxicity, such as alterations in platelet count, liver weight, and mild histopathological changes.
CONCLUSION: All these findings support the safety of CCM extract for future applications by demonstrating CCM tolerance up to 2000 mg/kg bw and 200 mg/kg bw for the acute and sub-acute toxicity assessment, respectively.
AIM OF THE STUDY: The current study aims to investigate the phytochemical profiling and comprehensive toxicity assessment of C. caesia Roxb. rhizome methanolic extract.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Freshly collected Curcuma caesia rhizomes were sun-dried and ground to make fine powder. Sequential solvent extraction was performed, and the methanolic extract (CCM) was subjected to detailed analysis. For the phytochemical analysis, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) quantification, GC-MS and LC-MS analysis were performed. In the acute toxicity assessment, the presence of any lethal effect of CCM was evaluated, whereas for the sub-acute toxicity assessment, the following parameters were checked: animal external behaviour, food/water intake, body weight change, relative organ weight, hematological and serum biochemical analysis, and histopathological evaluation.
RESULTS: Phytochemical analysis revealed highest TPC and TFC content in the CCM extract, 33.57 ± 0.85 mg GAE/g and 159.32 ± 5.81 mg QE/g, respectively. GC-MS analysis of CCM identified 16 tentative compounds, where curcumenol (40.91 ± 1.47 mg/g CCM) and curzerenone (24.99 ± 0.45 mg/g CCM) were found to be predominant. LC-MS study tentatively identified 12 compounds using the library, out of which 6 compounds were previously reported to be present in Curcumaspecies. In vitro toxicity assessment, CCM did not exhibit any significant hemolytic activity up to 80 μg/mL. Besides, the acute toxicity study revealed that the extract showed no lethal effect up to the highest dose of 2000 mg/kg bw. In contrast, the sub-acute toxicity study confirmed a safe dose of up to 200 mg/kg bw. However, 300 mg/kg bw dosage resulted in early signs of toxicity, such as alterations in platelet count, liver weight, and mild histopathological changes.
CONCLUSION: All these findings support the safety of CCM extract for future applications by demonstrating CCM tolerance up to 2000 mg/kg bw and 200 mg/kg bw for the acute and sub-acute toxicity assessment, respectively.