Employing biological sex as a primary variable can restrict our understanding of behavioral diversity (and sex differences) in psychostimulant activity.

BACKGROUND

In addition to representing distinct biological sex groups, males and females are also individuals expressing behavioral diversity. Our MISSING (Mapping Intrinsic Sex Similarities as an Integral quality of Normalized Groups) model suggests that, with respect to behavior, grouping according to the individual reveals groups with differences that exceed biological sex-related differences, but this needs further clarification. We hypothesized that, compared to the current model (grouping by biological sex), the MISSING model (grouping by individual attributes) was the more effective grouping strategy to identify behavioral diversity.

METHODS

We conducted experiments in rats to determine the locomotor activity (in 90 min) following intraperitoneal injections of saline (n = 12 males, n = 11 females) and cocaine (n = 8 males, n = 11 females). For the current model, we compared males versus females using unpaired t-tests. For the MISSING model, we identified clusters of individuals (males and females) using normal mixtures clustering analysis of several behavioral variables and employed unpaired t-tests to compare clusters and Two-way ANOVA to determine if there were any SEX by cluster interactions. For both models, we employed linear regression analysis to compare relationships between variables and Two-way repeated measures ANOVA to analyze locomotor activity time course.

RESULTS

For both the saline and cocaine groups, the MISSING model identified two behavioral clusters with differences that exceeded any differences due to biological sex.

CONCLUSIONS

The MISSING model suggests that employing biological sex as a primary variable can obscure our understanding of sex and individual differences in psychostimulant activity.