Lead Phytomolecules for Treating Parkinson's Disease.

One percent of persons over 65 years of age suffer from Parkinson's disease, a neurological ailment marked by dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway gradually dying and being depleted in the striatum. Parkin and PINK1 gene mutations, which are essential for mitophagy and impair mitochondrial function, are the cause of it. Parkinson's disease is linked to a number of motor and impairment disorders, including bradykinesia, rigid muscles, tremor at rest, and imbalance. Numerous signaling pathways, including α-synuclein aggregation, lead to age-related decline in proteolytic defense systems. Parkinson's disease etiology involves oxidative stress, ferroptosis, mitochondrial failure, and neuroinflammation. Parkinson's disease is significantly influenced by neuroinflammation, which is a result of both innate and adaptive immune responses. The purpose of studying mechanisms and phytomolecules is to assist researchers in creating therapies for Parkinson's disease. Phytomolecules, like curcumin, β- amyrin, berberine, capsaicin, and gentisic acid, exert neuroprotective properties by reducing ROS levels, lessening α-synuclein-induced toxicity, and shielding the cells from apoptosis. In conclusion, the studies presented here provide valuable insights into the potential of various medications for Parkinson's disease treatment. By understanding the mechanisms behind these treatments, researchers can develop more effective treatments for PD.