Whole-Course-Repair Wound Dressing Based on Bovine Colostrum and Hyaluronic Acid for Diabetic Wound Repair Through Immunomodulation, Angiogenesis, and Re-Epithelization.

Excessive immune response, obstruction of angiogenesis, degradation of collagen deposition, and delayed re-epithelialization are the primary factors obstructing diabetic wound healing. Adequate and inclusive strategies are needed to address these challenges comprehensively. In this study, a whole-course-repair wound dressing (BC/HA) was simply fabricated to enhance diabetic wound closure. The BC/HA wound dressing, created by combining bovine colostrum (BC) with hyaluronic acid solution (HA), demonstrated good cytocompatibility, endothelial cell migration, angiogenesis, and antibiofilm effects. Using a full-thickness diabetic wound model, we found that the BC/HA dressing effectively modulated the diabetic wound microenvironment. Specifically, it facilitated the conversion of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages to pro-regenerative M2 macrophages at a rate twice that of the control group. This transformation subsequently promoted endothelial cell migration to the wound sites during the inflammatory phase, resulting in over a 3.8-fold enhancement in vascular formation during the proliferation phase. Furthermore, the BC/HA wound dressing promoted re-epithelialization and facilitated the formation of dermal appendages, hair follicles, and glands in the remodeling phase. These findings shed light on the potential of the BC/HA wound dressing as a promising platform for chronic wound regeneration.