Sensors for urinary system applications: Current developments and future perspectives.

The urinary system regulates waste filtration and fluid homeostasis, yet disorders such as chronic kidney disease, urinary tract infections, prostate cancer, and urinary stones remain major global health challenges. Current diagnostic and therapies are limited by low sensitivity, poor temporal resolution, and lack of real-time physiological feedback, hindering early intervention and precision treatment. Recent advancements in sensor technology offer innovative solutions, enhancing early diagnosis, disease monitoring, and treatment precision. This review highlights physical sensors, biomarker detection sensors and imaging-assisted sensors for urinary applications. These sensors enable early screening, continuous monitoring and precise treatment of urinary diseases, enhanced surgical navigation and personalized medication. Despite rapid progress, challenges remain in long-term biocompatibility, clinical translation, and multimodal data integration. Addressing these barriers through materials innovation and AI-driven sensor fusion will be critical for next-generation intelligent urological systems, ultimately advancing precision medicine and improving patient outcomes. This review underscores the transformative impact of sensors in urology and the need for continued innovation.