Research progress on biomarkers of immunoglobulin a vasculitis nephritis: from classical molecules to multi-omics system analysis.

Immunoglobulin A vasculitis nephritis (IgAVN) is the most common secondary glomerular disease in children, and the severity of renal involvement is a critical determinant of long-term prognosis. Although renal biopsy remains the gold standard for pathological diagnosis, its invasive nature and delayed indication limit its utility for early monitoring. With the advancement of precision medicine, identifying non-invasive and sensitive biomarkers has become an urgent clinical need. In recent years, beyond classical immune-inflammatory indicators, the application of high-throughput technologies such as genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics has provided a new dimension for the systematic characterization of the IgAVN molecular landscape. This review summarizes the current status of research on IgAVN biomarkers, focusing on the latest breakthroughs ranging from core immune molecules like Gd-IgA1 to multi-omics "fingerprints." Furthermore, it critically analyzes the challenges currently faced in the clinical translation of these findings, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for establishing an early warning system and personalized diagnosis and treatment strategies for IgAVN.