Mitochondrial Ribosome Regulation Drives Spermatogenesis and Male Fertility.

Mitochondria, as the central hub of cellular energy metabolism and a critical regulator of signaling pathways, play indispensable roles in spermatogenesis and sperm function. In recent years, the mechanisms by which RNA-binding proteins regulate reproductive development and gametogenesis have emerged as a focal point in mitochondrial biology. Here, we review the latest progresses on the role of mitochondrial translation and its associated ribosomal regulation in sperm formation and activation. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the RNA-binding protein complex AMG-1/SLRP-1 modulates key processes of sperm development by maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. Furthermore, we explore the distinct roles of mitochondrial translation and metabolic functions in sperm activation and motility. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which mitochondrial ribosomal regulation governs spermatogenesis and sperm function, offering a foundation for future investigations in reproductive biology.