International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2026
Estimates of sexually transmitted infection prevalence and prevalence ratio among international migrants compared with non-migrants: A global systematic review and meta-analysis.
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Mackey Kathryn, Al-Sharabi Isra, Berghammer-Bohmer Raphaela, Morais Beatriz, Valodia Rubina Stanford, Tizzard Sarah, Mayaud Philippe, Hargreaves Sally, Pescarini Julia M, Sanchez Clemente Nuria
Аннотация
OBJECTIVES: International migrants are disproportionately affected by HIV and blood-borne viruses compared with non-migrants in high-income countries, but data on prevalence and risk of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are scarce. We aimed to synthesize evidence on STI prevalence among migrants and summarize risk compared with non-migrants.
METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of peer-reviewed literature using MEDLINE, Embase, and Global Health from January 1, 2014 to June 9, 2025 (PROSPERO: CRD42024560384) and assessed the risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. We used a random-effects meta-analysis to calculate pooled prevalence and prevalence ratio (PR) of STIs, among migrants compared with non-migrants overall and by infection and specific population sub-groups.
RESULTS: We included 85 studies from 31 countries, providing data on 1,384,443 tests on migrants and 1,414,096 on non-migrants. We found high pooled prevalence of chlamydia (53.55 per 1000, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 30.02-82.97), gonorrhea (20.77 per 1000, 95% CI: 3.33-49.84), and probable active syphilis (17.36 per 1000, 95% CI: 9.50-27.34). Compared with non-migrants, migrants had a higher PR for probable active and seropositive syphilis but not gonorrhea.
CONCLUSION: Migrants may face an elevated risk of STIs compared with non-migrants in host countries. The studies were heterogeneous, limiting the precision of estimates, and many lacked disaggregated demographic data. Our findings call for greater consideration of migrants in STI prevention and control alongside further research.
METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of peer-reviewed literature using MEDLINE, Embase, and Global Health from January 1, 2014 to June 9, 2025 (PROSPERO: CRD42024560384) and assessed the risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. We used a random-effects meta-analysis to calculate pooled prevalence and prevalence ratio (PR) of STIs, among migrants compared with non-migrants overall and by infection and specific population sub-groups.
RESULTS: We included 85 studies from 31 countries, providing data on 1,384,443 tests on migrants and 1,414,096 on non-migrants. We found high pooled prevalence of chlamydia (53.55 per 1000, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 30.02-82.97), gonorrhea (20.77 per 1000, 95% CI: 3.33-49.84), and probable active syphilis (17.36 per 1000, 95% CI: 9.50-27.34). Compared with non-migrants, migrants had a higher PR for probable active and seropositive syphilis but not gonorrhea.
CONCLUSION: Migrants may face an elevated risk of STIs compared with non-migrants in host countries. The studies were heterogeneous, limiting the precision of estimates, and many lacked disaggregated demographic data. Our findings call for greater consideration of migrants in STI prevention and control alongside further research.