Renal Biomarkers in Heart Failure: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND

Cystatin C, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and kidney injury molecule (KIM)-1 are renal biomarkers increasingly appreciated for their role in the risk stratification and prognostication of heart failure (HF) patients. However, very few have been adopted clinically, owing to the lack of consistency.

OBJECTIVES

The authors aimed to study the association between cystatin C, NGAL, and KIM-1 and outcomes, mortality, hospitalizations, and worsening renal function (WRF) in patients with acute and chronic HF.

METHODS

We included peer-reviewed English-language articles from PubMed and EMBASE published up to December 2021. We analyzed the above associations using random-effects meta-analysis. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots.

RESULTS

Among 2,631 articles, 100 articles, including 45,428 patients, met the inclusion criteria. Top-tertile of serum cystatin C, when compared to the bottom-tertile, carried a higher pooled hazard ratio (pHR) for mortality (pHR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.42-1.77) and for the composite outcome of mortality and HF hospitalizations (pHR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.23-1.75). Top-tertile of serum NGAL had a higher hazard for mortality (pHR: 2.91, 95% CI: 1.49-5.67) and composite outcome (HR: 4.11, 95% CI: 2.69-6.30). Serum and urine NGAL were significantly associated with WRF, with pHRs of 2.40 (95% CI: 1.48-3.90) and 2.01 (95% CI: 1.21-3.35). Urine KIM-1 was significantly associated with WRF (pHR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.24-2.07) but not with other outcomes. High heterogeneity was noted between studies without an obvious explanation based on meta-regression.

CONCLUSIONS

Serum cystatin C and serum NGAL are independent predictors of adverse outcomes in HF. Serum and urine NGAL are important predictors of WRF in HF.