Vaccination strategies for responding to public health emergencies of infectious diseases.

The outbreak of infectious diseases remains a serious public health problem in today's society,and emergency vaccination stands as a pivotal public health intervention for responding to the tricky situation and reducing the impact of public health emergencies. This review systematically examines vaccine emergency vaccination policies and expert recommendations from both domestic and international sources, revealing a current lack of standardized reference criteria and evidence-based implementation guidelines regarding optimal timing and specific intervention measures. It is imperative to develop a scientific evaluation system for emergency vaccination initiation and establish global standardization frameworks. In order to successfully curb the spread of infectious diseases, a high coverage rate of emergency vaccination is a guarantee. Increasing vaccine accessibility through cross-departmental collaboration and flexible allocation of existing resources, while scientifically and reasonably allocating the sequence, are both important steps in smoothly implementing emergency vaccination. Reasonable evaluation of the efficacy of established vaccines can provide a reference for their subsequent application. This review also focuses on the numerous challenges faced by vaccines against emerging infectious diseases since their development. The rapid mutation of pathogens makes the task, which already lacks sufficient research and development time, even more urgent. Emergency Use Authorization and rapid review procedures have emerged as a result. Many countries have established regulations governing relevant procedures and post-implementation management of emergency vaccination, which specify conditions, processes, timelines, and oversight requirements. Vaccine hesitancy poses particular challenges for the rollout of newly developed vaccines. Community participation, enhancing public confidence, and solution to "infodemic" provide new solutions to the previous problem. The continuous innovation of vaccine technology and increasingly sophisticated monitoring methods are expected to further improve vaccine safety. This review aims to provide both theoretical foundations and inspired experience for optimizing global emergency vaccination, thereby enabling more efficient and effective public health responses to future epidemics.