Heat stress and human reproduction: effects and pathogenesis.

Heat stress has been documented to negatively impact human health in multiple ways, including reproductive function. The male and female reproductive organs, notably the gonads, are particularly susceptible to high temperatures. In men, prolonged exposure to extreme temperatures inhibits testicular steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis, and results in reduced circulating testosterone and semen quality. Heat stress in women causes irregular menstrual cycles, hormonal imbalances, and decreased ovarian function. Furthermore, it may reduce oocyte quality and have a detrimental impact on pregnancy outcomes. The effects of heat stress deepen as global warming promotes the frequency and severity of heat waves. Thus, understanding the mechanisms that link heat stress and human reproduction is critical for developing effective preventive interventions. This may involve lifestyle changes and improved access to cooling devices, as well as increased hydration and less exposure to excessive heat. Research into the pathways relating heat stress and human reproduction is encouraged to find suitable targeted therapies.