Pest management science · 2026
Cultivar and phenological stage susceptibility of almond flowers to Monilinia laxa infection.
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Zúñiga Erick, Torres Rosario, Aparicio-Duran Lidia, Torguet Laura, Miarnau Xavier, Teixidó Neus, Casals Carla
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Blossom blight caused by Monilinia laxa is a major constraint to almond production in southern Europe, yet variation in floral susceptibility among cultivars and phenological stages remains poorly understood.
RESULTS: Floral susceptibility to M. laxa was assessed through 6 years of field surveys across 21 almond cultivars, artificial inoculations of detached flowers from 15 cultivars at BBCH 60/Felipe F1 over two consecutive years, and inoculations of three cultivars at four phenological stages from BBCH 58/Felipe D to BBCH 65/Felipe F2. Consistent cultivar-dependent patterns were identified: 'Mardia', 'Penta', 'Vairo', 'Tardona', 'Marinada', 'Constantí', and 'Lauranne' showed low incidence, whereas 'Soleta', 'Marta', 'Guara', 'Tuono', 'Marcona', 'Francolí', and 'Tarraco' were among the most affected. Artificial inoculations confirmed marked cultivar differences, with incidence ranging from 0-11% in 'Marcona' to 28-78% in 'Soleta' and 36-81% in 'Tardona'. Susceptibility across floral phenological stages followed a similar pattern in the three cultivars assessed, although with different infection intensities. Using 'Soleta' as an example, infection was highest at pre-anthesis BBCH 58/Felipe D (88.9%) and early anthesis BBCH 60/Felipe F1 (80.6%) and declined by late anthesis BBCH 65/Felipe F2 (55.6%).
CONCLUSION: Almond flower susceptibility to M. laxa is strongly cultivar- and phenology-dependent. These findings refine the epidemiological framework of almond blossom blight by identifying cultivar-specific risk and critical windows of floral susceptibility. Incorporating cultivar risk and early floral susceptibility into disease-warning systems could improve fungicide timing and support more precise integrated management of almond blossom blight. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.
RESULTS: Floral susceptibility to M. laxa was assessed through 6 years of field surveys across 21 almond cultivars, artificial inoculations of detached flowers from 15 cultivars at BBCH 60/Felipe F1 over two consecutive years, and inoculations of three cultivars at four phenological stages from BBCH 58/Felipe D to BBCH 65/Felipe F2. Consistent cultivar-dependent patterns were identified: 'Mardia', 'Penta', 'Vairo', 'Tardona', 'Marinada', 'Constantí', and 'Lauranne' showed low incidence, whereas 'Soleta', 'Marta', 'Guara', 'Tuono', 'Marcona', 'Francolí', and 'Tarraco' were among the most affected. Artificial inoculations confirmed marked cultivar differences, with incidence ranging from 0-11% in 'Marcona' to 28-78% in 'Soleta' and 36-81% in 'Tardona'. Susceptibility across floral phenological stages followed a similar pattern in the three cultivars assessed, although with different infection intensities. Using 'Soleta' as an example, infection was highest at pre-anthesis BBCH 58/Felipe D (88.9%) and early anthesis BBCH 60/Felipe F1 (80.6%) and declined by late anthesis BBCH 65/Felipe F2 (55.6%).
CONCLUSION: Almond flower susceptibility to M. laxa is strongly cultivar- and phenology-dependent. These findings refine the epidemiological framework of almond blossom blight by identifying cultivar-specific risk and critical windows of floral susceptibility. Incorporating cultivar risk and early floral susceptibility into disease-warning systems could improve fungicide timing and support more precise integrated management of almond blossom blight. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.