Journal of neurology · 2026
What if it is the eyes? The effect of eye movement disorders on cognitive testing in MS.
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Hof S N, Keytsman E, Fuchs T A N, Wessels M H J, de Jong D J, Strijbis E M M, Schoonheim M M, van Rijn L J, Petzold A, Uitdehaag B M J, Van Schependom J, van Oosten B W
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Visual cognitive tests that rely on saccades may be affected by internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO), irrespective of cognitive ability. INO and cognitive decline are common in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). We assessed the impact of INO on visual versus non-visual cognitive tests in PwMS.
METHODS: PwMS (n=197) completed auditory and visual neuropsychological tests, and demographically corrected Z-scores were obtained. INO was quantified using the DEMoNS infrared oculography protocol, applying the versional dysconjugacy index (VDI) of area under the saccadic trajectory (AUC) and peak velocity amplitude ratio (pV/Am). A subset (n=102) was reassessed after 6 years. Regression models were adjusted for disease duration, disability, cortical grey matter, and thalamic volume.
RESULTS: The presence of (mild) INO alone (n=66, 34%) was not associated with visual cognitive test performance after adjusting for disease characteristics. However, more severe right-sided INO on leftward gaze was associated with poorer performance on the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) and Concept Shifting Test (CST): 0.1 increase in leftward VDI-pV/Am corresponded to SDMT and CST Z-score reductions of -0.08 (95% CI -0.13 to -0.03) and -0.14 (95% CI -0.22 to -0.07), respectively. This effect was not observed for the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT). Longitudinally, new right-sided INO (n=2) corresponded with CST performance decline (Z-score -3.96, 95% CI -5.88 to -2.05), but not after adjustment for disease characteristics.
CONCLUSIONS: Severe right-sided INO impairs performance on cognitive tests requiring rapid eye movements (e.g. SDMT, CST), independent of cognitive ability. These tests should be interpreted with caution in people with severe INO.
METHODS: PwMS (n=197) completed auditory and visual neuropsychological tests, and demographically corrected Z-scores were obtained. INO was quantified using the DEMoNS infrared oculography protocol, applying the versional dysconjugacy index (VDI) of area under the saccadic trajectory (AUC) and peak velocity amplitude ratio (pV/Am). A subset (n=102) was reassessed after 6 years. Regression models were adjusted for disease duration, disability, cortical grey matter, and thalamic volume.
RESULTS: The presence of (mild) INO alone (n=66, 34%) was not associated with visual cognitive test performance after adjusting for disease characteristics. However, more severe right-sided INO on leftward gaze was associated with poorer performance on the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) and Concept Shifting Test (CST): 0.1 increase in leftward VDI-pV/Am corresponded to SDMT and CST Z-score reductions of -0.08 (95% CI -0.13 to -0.03) and -0.14 (95% CI -0.22 to -0.07), respectively. This effect was not observed for the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT). Longitudinally, new right-sided INO (n=2) corresponded with CST performance decline (Z-score -3.96, 95% CI -5.88 to -2.05), but not after adjustment for disease characteristics.
CONCLUSIONS: Severe right-sided INO impairs performance on cognitive tests requiring rapid eye movements (e.g. SDMT, CST), independent of cognitive ability. These tests should be interpreted with caution in people with severe INO.