In Silico Prediction of Potential Bile Salt Export Pump Inhibitors Using Pharmacophore Models and Consensus Machine Learning.

The ATP-dependent bile salt export pump (BSEP) is a transporter responsible for moving bile salts from hepatocytes into bile canaliculi. Inhibition of BSEP is a known risk factor of cholestatic-drug-induced liver injury (DILI) probably caused by the accumulation of toxic bile salts in the liver. Since DILI is a major cause for attrition during drug development and postmarketing withdrawal or black box warnings, an IC50 of BSEP higher than 25 μM is advised. Here, we describe the investigation of several in silico approaches to map potential BSEP inhibitors. A consensus machine learning classification model is presented, which accurately predicts BSEP inhibitors and can assist in the prioritization of in vitro testing. An applicability domain was derived for the model, and it was validated by in vitro measurements of predicted BSEP inhibitors where the model was able to correctly flag eight out of 11 compounds.