Redox signaling regulation in human spermatozoa: a primary role of peroxiredoxins.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a dual role in mammalian spermatozoa. At high levels, they are detrimental to sperm function since they can promote oxidative stress that produces oxidation of protein, lipids, and sperm DNA. This oxidative damage is associated with male infertility. On the other hand, when ROS are produced at low levels, they participate in the redox signaling necessary for sperm capacitation. Capacitation-associated ROS are produced by the sperm oxidase, whose identity is still elusive, located in the plasma membrane of the spermatozoon. ROS, such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite, activate protein kinases and inactivate protein phosphatases with the net increase of specific phosphorylation events. Peroxiredoxins (PRDXs), antioxidant enzymes that fight against oxidative stress, regulate redox signaling during capacitation. Among them, PRDX6, which possesses peroxidase and calcium-independent phospholipase A 2 (iPLA 2 ) activities, is the primary regulator of redox signaling and the antioxidant response in human spermatozoa. The lysophosphatidic acid signaling is essential to maintain sperm viability by activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase (PI3K/AKT) pathway, and it is regulated by PRDX6 iPLA 2 , protein kinase C (PKC), and receptor-type protein tyrosine kinase. The understanding of redox signaling is crucial to pave the way for novel diagnostic tools and treatments of male infertility.