Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2026
Comparison of natural and non-natural deaths in medieval (1452-1485) and contemporary Milan.
СтатьяНазвание и аннотация: Перевод в очереди
Обработка статьи · этапы, ошибки и управление
Загрузка состояния…
Ошибки и ограничения
История · было → стало
Состояние обновляется каждые 5 секунд, пока блок открыт. Процент показывается только там, где известен объём работы. Пауза останавливает продолжение этапа; текущий запрос к источнику может завершиться.
Vaglienti Folco, Mattia Mirko, Turati Federica, Alicandro Gianfranco, Gibelli Daniele, Tambuzzi Stefano, Picascia Sergio, Biehler-Gomez Lucie, Ferrara Alfio, La Vecchia Carlo, Cattaneo Cristina
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Long-term historical trajectory of violence remains insufficiently understood.
METHODS: This study examines long-term changes in natural/non-natural mortality by comparing cause-of-death data from late medieval and contemporary Milan. It aims to reconstruct medieval patterns and assess changes in age-specific and sex-specific distributions of violent and accidental deaths. Causes of death recorded in the Liber Mortuorum (LM), a civil death register in use in Milan since at least 1451, were compared with 21st-century mortality data from the Milan province. Causes of death in the LM were translated from Latin and classified as natural or non-natural (accidents, homicides or suicides). Comparisons were made using the age-adjusted proportional mortality ratio (PMR) and the female-to-male ratio.
RESULTS: The LM recorded 16 288 deaths over 8 non-consecutive years between 1452 and 1485, 15 861 with age at death available. These included 217 deaths from non-natural causes: 118 accidents, 68 homicides, 7 suicides and 24 deaths of undetermined intent. Accidental deaths accounted for 61.1% of non-natural deaths with determined intent in the LM compared with 79.9% in contemporary data. Among non-natural causes, deaths from homicides were more frequent in the medieval period than in contemporary times (35.2% vs 1.5%, age-adjusted PMR: 7.6). In the medieval period, 5.9% of homicide victims were female compared with 31.5% in recent data, with the female-to-male mortality ratio increasing from 0.06 to 0.46. Suicides were rarely reported in the LM.
CONCLUSIONS: Homicide was more frequent in general in medieval times, even though female homicide appears proportionally more represented in contemporary data than in the 15th-century records and represents a key finding of the study.
METHODS: This study examines long-term changes in natural/non-natural mortality by comparing cause-of-death data from late medieval and contemporary Milan. It aims to reconstruct medieval patterns and assess changes in age-specific and sex-specific distributions of violent and accidental deaths. Causes of death recorded in the Liber Mortuorum (LM), a civil death register in use in Milan since at least 1451, were compared with 21st-century mortality data from the Milan province. Causes of death in the LM were translated from Latin and classified as natural or non-natural (accidents, homicides or suicides). Comparisons were made using the age-adjusted proportional mortality ratio (PMR) and the female-to-male ratio.
RESULTS: The LM recorded 16 288 deaths over 8 non-consecutive years between 1452 and 1485, 15 861 with age at death available. These included 217 deaths from non-natural causes: 118 accidents, 68 homicides, 7 suicides and 24 deaths of undetermined intent. Accidental deaths accounted for 61.1% of non-natural deaths with determined intent in the LM compared with 79.9% in contemporary data. Among non-natural causes, deaths from homicides were more frequent in the medieval period than in contemporary times (35.2% vs 1.5%, age-adjusted PMR: 7.6). In the medieval period, 5.9% of homicide victims were female compared with 31.5% in recent data, with the female-to-male mortality ratio increasing from 0.06 to 0.46. Suicides were rarely reported in the LM.
CONCLUSIONS: Homicide was more frequent in general in medieval times, even though female homicide appears proportionally more represented in contemporary data than in the 15th-century records and represents a key finding of the study.