Advances in hemostatic biomaterials: biomimetic strategies, nanotechnology, and smart therapeutics.

Bleeding, a critical complication in trauma, surgery, and conditions such as hemophilia, liver cirrhosis, and thrombocytopenia, often leads to shock or death. The limitations of traditional hemostatic methods-such as compression, suturing, and electrocautery-have prompted the development of advanced biomaterials. In modern research, intelligent, multi-mechanism systems have supplanted basic physical or chemical approaches. Biomimetic designs, such as platelet- and fibrin-inspired materials, alongside nanotechnology (e.g. nanoparticle carriers and electrospun fibers) and stimuli-responsive polymers (e.g. light- or temperature-triggered), enable targeted clotting, controlled drug release, and enhanced wound adhesion. Additionally, 3D printing and microfluidics allow precise material modification, further boosting hemostatic efficiency. Despite these advances, clinical translation faces challenges related to biocompatibility, mass production, and patient-specific customization. Future progress is likely to integrate multidisciplinary technologies, such as artificial intelligence, genetic engineering, smart regulation, and personalized therapies, to improve hemorrhage management. These innovations aim to bridge the gap between laboratory research and clinical application, offering safer, more effective solutions for trauma and surgical interventions.