Gynura procumbens and selected metabolites: Amelioration of depressive-like behaviors in mice and risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia in rats.

Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr., utilized in traditional Chinese medicine, is known for its liver-protective, liver-soothing, and depression-alleviating properties. This research examines the antidepressant and anti-hyperprolactinemia potentials of an ethanol extract from G. procumbens stems (EEGS) and specific metabolites. To model depression and hyperprolactinemia, chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) was induced in mice and risperidone was administered to rats, respectively. Treatments involved administering low (5 mg/kg), medium (25 mg/kg), and high (125 mg/kg) doses of EEGS and certain metabolites to both models. Behavioral assessments were conducted in the CUMS-induced mice, while the CA3 neuronal damage in mice and histopathological alterations in rat mammary glands were evaluated using Nissl and Hematoxylin & Eosin staining techniques, respectively. EEGS decreased immobility times in the forced swimming and tail suspension tests in mice, enhancing their exploration of the central zone. It elevated the serum levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine, norepinephrine, estradiol, luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone in mice. Moreover, EEGS restored the neuronal cell arrangement in the CA3 area, reduced interleukin-1beta mRNA production, and increased the expression of interleukin-10 and beta-catenin mRNA. In the context of risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia, EEGS lowered blood prolactin levels, reduced the dimensions of rat nipples, and enhanced LH, progesterone, and dopamine levels, alongside mitigating mammary hyperplasia. Among the EEGS selected metabolites, the combined effect of chlorogenic acid and trans-p-coumaric acid was found to be more effective than the action of each compound in isolation. Collectively, the findings indicate that EEGS and its selected metabolites offer promising antidepressant benefits while counteracting hyperprolactinemia.