Next-generation perspectives on microbially synthesized siderophores: molecular engineering, multi-omics insights, and applications for smart climate-resilient crops.

Siderophores, low-molecular-weight iron-chelating compounds synthesized by microbes, play a crucial role in iron (Fe) acquisition under Fe-limited conditions. In recent years, their significance in sustainable agriculture has gained increasing attention due to their multifaceted roles in plant growth promotion, stress alleviation, and disease suppression. This review presents next-generation insights into the biosynthesis, regulation, and applications of microbial siderophores, with a focus on advanced molecular and omics-based approaches. Innovations in synthetic biology and CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing have enabled precise manipulation of siderophore biosynthetic gene clusters, enhancing their production and functionality. Multi-omics platforms-genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics-have revealed complex regulatory networks, unveiling cryptic pathways and inter-microbial variability in siderophore synthesis. Furthermore, the use of siderophore-producing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) has shown promise in improving nutrient uptake, inducing systemic resistance, and mitigating abiotic stresses in crops. The integration of nano-formulations and encapsulation technologies has enhanced the stability and field efficacy of siderophore-based bioinoculants. This review also explores emerging strategies for developing microbial consortia and smart delivery systems to meet the challenges of climate-resilient agriculture. By bridging molecular insights with field-level applications, this article underscores the potential of siderophores as eco-friendly tools for next-generation sustainable farming practices.