A core-shell AZO@ZnO nanostructure for accurate glucose detection with UV-boosted sensitivity.

Advances in micro-nano fabrication technology have enabled flexible electrochemical sensors to utilize micro-nanostructures and nanomaterials. Herein, a 3D AZO@ZnONRs core-shell nanostructure was synthesized using atomic layer deposition and hydrothermal techniques. The structure was employed to fabricate a high-sensitivity glucose sensor capable of precise detection of blood glucose levels and glucose content in sugary beverages. The sensor demonstrated a highly linear response (0-12.5 mM), with a sensitivity of approximately 6.49 µA·mM-1·cm-2 and a detection limit of 1.561 µM. Under ultraviolet light, the sensitivity increased by 1.83-fold. In the presence of interferents such as potassium chloride, sodium chloride, lactic acid, urea, and uric acid, the sensor maintained excellent specificity. Compared to conventional nanorods, this 3D core-shell material preserved the advantages of a high specific surface area while demonstrating enhanced electron transfer capabilities and photosensitivity, enabling reliable detection of glucose at extremely low concentrations. This study systematically analyzed the characteristics of the core-shell nanomaterial and its photocatalytic mechanisms, advancing photocatalytic electrochemical sensing technology.