Timing and type of domestic violence exposure and adolescents' experiences of peer violence.

The present study investigated whether the timing and type of domestic violence exposure were associated with adolescents' peer violence involvement. Data were drawn from the sixth wave (2023) of the 2018 Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey, a nationally representative cohort (Mage = 18.4 years; 53.4% male; N = 2,224). Race/ethnicity was not collected as part of this nationwide panel survey, likely reflecting the high ethnic homogeneity of the South Korean population. Retrospective items captured the first developmental period in which youth experienced caregiver-to-child corporal punishment, verbal abuse, and physical abuse, and witnessed interparental verbal and physical violence. A multiple event process survival mixture model identified three exposure-timing classes: late childhood risk spike (1.1%), multi-period multi-type violence risk (3.6%), and low risk (95.3%). Youth in the multi-period multi-type violence risk class reported higher levels of traditional bullying and cyberbullying perpetration and victimization during the past year of high school compared with the other classes. Findings suggest that onset exposure to multiple forms of domestic violence across developmental periods may serve as an important marker of heightened risk for later peer violence involvement, and support developmentally timed, family- and school-based prevention efforts.