IGWO-IVNet3: DL-Based Automatic Diagnosis of Lung Nodules Using an Improved Gray Wolf Optimization and InceptionNet-V3.

Artificial intelligence plays an essential role in diagnosing lung cancer. Lung cancer is notoriously difficult to diagnose until it has progressed to a late stage, making it a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Lung cancer is fatal if not treated early, making this a significant issue. Initial diagnosis of malignant nodules is often made using chest radiography (X-ray) and computed tomography (CT) scans; nevertheless, the possibility of benign nodules leads to wrong choices. In their first phases, benign and malignant nodules seem very similar. Additionally, radiologists have a hard time viewing and categorizing lung abnormalities. Lung cancer screenings performed by radiologists are often performed with the use of computer-aided diagnostic technologies. Computer scientists have presented many methods for identifying lung cancer in recent years. Low-quality images compromise the segmentation process, rendering traditional lung cancer prediction algorithms inaccurate. This article suggests a highly effective strategy for identifying and categorizing lung cancer. Noise in the pictures was reduced using a weighted filter, and the improved Gray Wolf Optimization method was performed before segmentation with watershed modification and dilation operations. We used InceptionNet-V3 to classify lung cancer into three groups, and it performed well compared to prior studies: 98.96% accuracy, 94.74% specificity, as well as 100% sensitivity.