Diagnosis and treatment of ankle sprains.

Clinicians in ambulatory and primary care are almost guaranteed, at some point in their practice, to encounter a patient who has suffered an ankle injury. They must be prepared to diagnose, treat, and refer appropriately. By understanding the anatomy of the ankle, the health care provider will understand the mechanisms and common types of injury. By using techniques of inspection, palpation, and performing the anterior drawer and talar tilt tests, the clinician can grade a sprain accordingly, and refer for x-rays or orthopedic consultation appropriately. The principles of RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation) are explained and different treatment methodologies for grades I to III of sprain are discussed.