European journal of applied physiology · 2026
Differential temporal responses of heel strike and toe off during split-belt locomotor adaptation.
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Hirata Keisuke, Kubota Keisuke, Hanawa Hiroki, Miyazawa Taku, Kanemura Naohiko
Аннотация
PURPOSE: Human walking must maintain temporal coordination while adapting to perturbations. However, it remains unclear whether different gait events show similar or distinct temporal responses during adaptive walking. Using split-belt treadmill walking as a model of asymmetric temporal perturbation, we examined inter-event timing variability for heel strike (HS) and toe off (TO) in healthy young adult males.
METHODS: Variability was quantified as the coefficient of variation (CV) of inter-event intervals during baseline walking, early adaptation, and late adaptation. To assess perturbation-related temporal responses, we also calculated baseline-referenced changes in variability (ΔCV) and their magnitude (|ΔCV|).
RESULTS: HS exhibited higher absolute timing variability across walking phases and larger baseline-referenced changes during split-belt walking. In contrast, TO showed comparatively lower variability and smaller deviations from baseline in the present analysis. Double-support time symmetry was also altered during early adaptation and partially recovered later, indicating concurrent reorganization of whole-gait temporal coordination.
CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that gait events do not contribute uniformly to temporal adjustment during split-belt walking. Event-specific analysis of baseline-referenced variability may therefore provide a useful perspective for describing temporal responses to locomotor perturbation.
METHODS: Variability was quantified as the coefficient of variation (CV) of inter-event intervals during baseline walking, early adaptation, and late adaptation. To assess perturbation-related temporal responses, we also calculated baseline-referenced changes in variability (ΔCV) and their magnitude (|ΔCV|).
RESULTS: HS exhibited higher absolute timing variability across walking phases and larger baseline-referenced changes during split-belt walking. In contrast, TO showed comparatively lower variability and smaller deviations from baseline in the present analysis. Double-support time symmetry was also altered during early adaptation and partially recovered later, indicating concurrent reorganization of whole-gait temporal coordination.
CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that gait events do not contribute uniformly to temporal adjustment during split-belt walking. Event-specific analysis of baseline-referenced variability may therefore provide a useful perspective for describing temporal responses to locomotor perturbation.