Harnessing the potential of tissue engineering to target male infertility: Insights into testicular regeneration.

Male infertility is among one of the most challenging health concerns in the world. Traditional therapeutic interventions such as semen and testicular tissue cryopreservation aim to restore or preserve male fertility. However, these methods are subject to limitations that impact their efficacy and are infeasible in cases such as patients who cannot produce mature sperm due to genetic or pathological disorders. Moreover, with the number of cases of prepubertal boys who must undergo gonadotoxic treatments rising, alternatives have been sought for fertility preservation to enhance reproductive rates in vitro and in vivo. Tissue engineering is a promising area that can address aspects that current therapies may not fully encompass through the creation of bioartificial testicular structures or 3D culture systems that allow the establishment of the essential conditions for sperm production. This study aims to first give a brief overview of stem cell therapy in treating male infertility and then go more in-depth regarding the novel methods and procedures based on tissue engineering that have the potential to offer new treatments for infertility caused by testicular disorders and defects.