Ureteral injury following experimental intraoperative radiation.

Beagle dogs were randomized to receive a range of total dose delivered in three different protocols. Sixteen dogs received external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), 32 dogs received intraoperative irradiation (IORT), and 32 dogs received combinations of external beam radiation therapy and intraoperative irradiation. A sublumbar field was irradiated which always included the left ureter. Dogs were observed for 5 years; sequential excretory urograms were done at 6 months, and 1 and 5 years. Morphometric analysis of tissues were also done. The canine ureter tolerated 17.5 Gy intraoperative irradiation with no evidence of injury and 25 Gy intraoperative irradiation with a low probability of injury. The ED50 for radiographic abnormalities was 32.9 Gy. When 50 Gy external beam radiation therapy was given prior to intraoperative irradiation, the ureter tolerated 10 Gy intraoperative irradiation with no evidence of injury and 17.5 Gy with a low probability of injury. The ED50 was 29 Gy intraoperative irradiation after EBRT. The external beam radiation therapy had little effect on the ureter when given alone or prior to intraoperative irradiation. Clinical signs of renal disease occurred only in dogs who had received bilateral ureteral irradiation intraoperatively at doses of 32.5 Gy intraoperative irradiation and 25 Gy intraoperative irradiation after external beam radiation therapy. Histologic evidence suggests that the chronic injury of the ureter expressed at 5 years is of vascular etiology. The early injury may be due to ulceration of the epithelium.