Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025
Salivary cytokines in stress research: Reactivity kinetics in response to placebo-controlled acute psychosocial stress and associations with plasma cytokines and endocrine stress markers.
СтатьяРандомизированное исследованиеНазвание и аннотация: Перевод в очереди
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Fischer Marvin, Walther Lisa-Marie, Gideon Angelina, Sauter Christine, Waller Christiane, Amelio Ivano, Wirtz Petra H
Аннотация
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: In stress research, the measurement of cytokines from saliva may provide a non-invasive alternative to blood sampling. However, current research is limited by methodological shortcomings, including lack of placebo-stress control groups, comparison with plasma cytokine stress reactivity, infrequent sampling, and insufficient control for salivary flow rate. The aim of this study was to investigate repeatedly measured salivary cytokine responses to the Trier-Social-Stress-Test (TSST) compared to a placebo-TSST (PlacTSST), and to explore associations with plasma cytokines and endocrine stress markers.
METHODS: In this placebo-controlled, single-blind, between-subject study, healthy young men were randomized to a stress condition (TSST;n = 30) or a placebo-stress condition (PlacTSST;n = 20). Salivary interleukin-(IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor-necrosis-factor-(TNF)-α were measured at baseline and repeatedly up to 30 min post-stress, with correction for salivary flow rate. Plasma cytokines were assessed up to 90 min post-stress. Salivary cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine were assessed to explore potential endocrine mechanisms.
RESULTS: The TSST induced significantly greater increases in salivary IL-6 (p = 0.024, ηp2 = 0.07) and IL-1β (p = 0.031, ηp2 = 0.07) compared to the PlacTSST, with peak responses at + 1 min post-stress and return to baseline by + 30 min. TNF-α was not stress-reactive, neither in saliva (p = 0.35) nor in plasma (p = 0.16). Higher total salivary IL-6 reactivity predicted higher plasma IL-6 reactivity (β = 0.48, p < 0.001, ΔR2 = 0.31), with salivary responses preceding those in plasma. Higher norepinephrine increases related to higher salivary IL-1β responses (β = 0.45, p = 0.018, ΔR2 = 0.15), pointing to a potential noradrenergic modulation.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that acute psychosocial stress induces rapid and transient independent increases in salivary IL-6 and IL-1β but not TNF-α that relate to plasma cytokine and endocrine changes. These results support the utility of salivary cytokine assessment as a sensitive and non-invasive and less cost-intensive alternative to plasma sampling. Further research is warranted to elucidate underlying regulatory mechanisms and extend findings to different populations.
METHODS: In this placebo-controlled, single-blind, between-subject study, healthy young men were randomized to a stress condition (TSST;n = 30) or a placebo-stress condition (PlacTSST;n = 20). Salivary interleukin-(IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor-necrosis-factor-(TNF)-α were measured at baseline and repeatedly up to 30 min post-stress, with correction for salivary flow rate. Plasma cytokines were assessed up to 90 min post-stress. Salivary cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine were assessed to explore potential endocrine mechanisms.
RESULTS: The TSST induced significantly greater increases in salivary IL-6 (p = 0.024, ηp2 = 0.07) and IL-1β (p = 0.031, ηp2 = 0.07) compared to the PlacTSST, with peak responses at + 1 min post-stress and return to baseline by + 30 min. TNF-α was not stress-reactive, neither in saliva (p = 0.35) nor in plasma (p = 0.16). Higher total salivary IL-6 reactivity predicted higher plasma IL-6 reactivity (β = 0.48, p < 0.001, ΔR2 = 0.31), with salivary responses preceding those in plasma. Higher norepinephrine increases related to higher salivary IL-1β responses (β = 0.45, p = 0.018, ΔR2 = 0.15), pointing to a potential noradrenergic modulation.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that acute psychosocial stress induces rapid and transient independent increases in salivary IL-6 and IL-1β but not TNF-α that relate to plasma cytokine and endocrine changes. These results support the utility of salivary cytokine assessment as a sensitive and non-invasive and less cost-intensive alternative to plasma sampling. Further research is warranted to elucidate underlying regulatory mechanisms and extend findings to different populations.