Mechanisms of nephrotoxicity from metal combinations: a review.

The common environmental pollutants arsenic, lead, and cadmium are each known to induce chronic renal disease and the molecular mechanisms of such toxic events are being clarified. Nephrotoxicity of these metals is due to the fact that urinary elimination is a main route of excretion, and the proximal tubules are especially sensitive due to their high reabsorptive activity. Renal pathological effects of these metals vary with the chemical form of the metal, the dose, and whether the exposure is acute or chronic in nature. The few isolated studies of combined metal exposures indicate that these pathological effects may be altered due to unknown interactions of these metals within the kidney. Biological factors within the cell such as metal binding proteins and inclusion bodies may also influence metal-metal interactions. Further research is needed to specify the parameters or criteria by which metal interactions is to be assessed for unique biological response patterns to aid in the risk assessment analysis of environmental and occupational metal exposures.