Tissue & cell · 2026
Impact of smoked and smokeless tobacco on oral epithelium: A comparative study in Jazan region.
СтатьяСравнительное исследованиеНазвание и аннотация: Перевод в очереди
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Kamli Hossam, Hamali Hassan A
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Tobacco use is a major global cause of oral cancer. Chronic exposure of the oral mucosa to its toxins induces oxidative stress, cellular damage, and carcinogenesis. Jazan region of Saudi Arabia reports a high prevalence of both tobacco use and oral malignancies. This study aimed to evaluate the cytological effects of tobacco on oral epithelial cells and assess the utility of exfoliative cytology for early detection.
METHODS: The study included 100 voluntary participants from Jazan region, which were categorized into three groups: non-tobacco users (n = 10), active tobacco smokers (n = 81), and smokeless tobacco users (n = 9). Buccal epithelial cells were collected via sterile spatulas, fixed in 95% ethanol, and stained using the Papanicolaou technique. The micronucleus-to-nucleus (M/N) and nucleus-to-cytoplasm (N/C) ratios were analyzed microscopically.
RESULTS: Smokers exhibited a significant increase in both M/N and N/C ratios compared to non-tobacco users, indicating pronounced genotoxic and cytotoxic effects. Smokeless tobacco users also showed cellular abnormalities, though these were less marked than in smokers. A positive correlation was observed between the duration of tobacco use and the extent of cellular damage.
CONCLUSIONS: Both smoking and smokeless tobacco cause significant cytological alterations in oral epithelial cells. Regular cytological screening, combined with effective tobacco cessation programs, is essential to prevent precancerous lesions and reduce the oral cancer burden in high-risk populations like Jazan. In addition, the findings of the current study confirm the utility of exfoliative cytology as a reliable, non-invasive screening method.
METHODS: The study included 100 voluntary participants from Jazan region, which were categorized into three groups: non-tobacco users (n = 10), active tobacco smokers (n = 81), and smokeless tobacco users (n = 9). Buccal epithelial cells were collected via sterile spatulas, fixed in 95% ethanol, and stained using the Papanicolaou technique. The micronucleus-to-nucleus (M/N) and nucleus-to-cytoplasm (N/C) ratios were analyzed microscopically.
RESULTS: Smokers exhibited a significant increase in both M/N and N/C ratios compared to non-tobacco users, indicating pronounced genotoxic and cytotoxic effects. Smokeless tobacco users also showed cellular abnormalities, though these were less marked than in smokers. A positive correlation was observed between the duration of tobacco use and the extent of cellular damage.
CONCLUSIONS: Both smoking and smokeless tobacco cause significant cytological alterations in oral epithelial cells. Regular cytological screening, combined with effective tobacco cessation programs, is essential to prevent precancerous lesions and reduce the oral cancer burden in high-risk populations like Jazan. In addition, the findings of the current study confirm the utility of exfoliative cytology as a reliable, non-invasive screening method.