Emerging strategies for biofilm disruption in recurrent urinary tract infections.

Biofilm formation is a key microbial survival mechanism that enables bacterial persistence and recurrence of urinary tract infections (UTIs), especially in patients with catheters or structural abnormalities. These complex microbial communities hinder antibiotic efficacy and facilitate the development of antibiotic resistance. Recent advances in microbiology and materials science have led to the emergence of diverse therapeutic approaches targeting biofilms. This review highlights current and investigational strategies for biofilm disruption, including the inhibition of quorum sensing, enzymatic or chemical degradation of extracellular polymeric substances, antimicrobial peptides, nanoparticle-based systems, and microbiota modulation. Understanding these evolving modalities may guide future individualized treatments for recurrent UTIs.