Detection report of a therapeutic effect of Linum usitatissimum oil against glyphosate toxicity on a fish modelling using a multiple comparison biology-based approach: Hematological alterations, oxidative stress and cytokine enzyme biomarkers, DNA damage, cellular apoptosis, and gene expression.

In this study, the therapeutic effect of linseed-oil (LO) on pesticide toxicity in aquatic environment was investigated for the first time. It was aimed to determine the possible therapeutic effect of LO-enriched diets on the target tissues (blood, gill and liver) of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, initial weight: 32 ± 2 g) against sub-chronic glyphosate toxicity. Fish sub-chronically exposed to 5 mg/kg glyphosate (GF) were simultaneously fed 8 different experimental diets (Control, Low- Linseed-oil (L-LO), Medium- Linseed-oil (M-LO), High- Linseed-oil (H-LO), Low- Linseed-oil + glyphosate (L-LO+GF), Medium- Linseed-oil + glyphosate (M-LO+GF), High- Linseed-oil + glyphosate (H-LO+GF) and glyphosate (GF)) enriched with different levels of LO (0%, 12.5 mL/kg (Low), 25 mL/kg (Medium) and 37.5 mL/kg (High)). At the end of the feed ing period, in addition to the determination of biomass data, hematological indices in blood tissue; hematological indices, oxidative stress response (catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA levels), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), Nuclear factor erythroid 2 level (Nrf-2) in liver and gill tissue, apoptosis (Caspas3) activities and DNA damage (8-OHdG) and molecular-based cytochrome P450 (CYP450 (Stp450)), heat shock protein (HSP70) and apoptosis marker (Caspas3 expressions) were monitored as a mechanism of therapeutic effect of LO accompanying GF toxicity and its effectiveness as a possible treatment modality. Our findings confirmed that glyphosate-mediated toxicity in O. mykiss produced adverse effects such as growth suppression, oxidative stress and hematopoietic impairment, and that flaxseed oil as a therapeutic agent can be used as a sustainable biological protective dietary supplement.