An indigenous framework of the cycle of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder risk and prevention across the generations: historical trauma, harm and healing.

Objective: To build on Evans-Campbell's [2008. "Historical Trauma in American Indian/Native Alaska Communities: A Multilevel Framework for Exploring Impacts on Individuals, Families, and Communities." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 23 (3): 316-338. doi:10.1177/0886260507312290.] multilevel framework of historical trauma and health by focusing on the cycle of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) in the socio-cultural, historical, and interpersonal context of trauma shared by American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) peoples.Methods: We analyzed qualitative data from focus groups with seventy four urban AI/ANs who were 15 years of age and older. Community-based participatory research methods were used for data collection and analysis. Our study explored knowledge and attitudes about FASD, perspectives on FASD risk factors, and culturally relevant approaches to FASD prevention and healthcare.Results: According to our study's participants, efforts to address FASD among urban AI/ANs should align with and emerge from community values, promote healing, consider the broader context that influences behaviors, and reflect the community's understanding that FASD risk behaviors are inextricably linked with historical and contemporary trauma.Conclusion: Effective, multiple-level FASD prevention approaches for AI/ANs may include prioritizing Indigenous culture, supporting intergenerational cohesion, focusing on non-stigmatic healing of traumas, and authentically engaging community knowledge. This work draws on community and cultural strengths in an effort to reduce the occurrence of substance-exposed pregnancies, and encourages transformational changes in systems that serve AI/AN peoples to promote a healthy and thriving community and future generations.