Delving into the Mechanisms of Sponge-Associated Enterobacter against Staphylococcal Biofilms.

Staphylococci are one of the most common causes of biofilm-related infections. Such infections are hard to treat with conventional antimicrobials, which often lead to bacterial resistance, thus being associated with higher mortality rates while imposing a heavy economic burden on the healthcare system. Investigating antibiofilm strategies is an area of interest in the fight against biofilm-associated infections. Previously, a cell-free supernatant from marine-sponge-associated Enterobacter sp. inhibited staphylococcal biofilm formation and dissociated the mature biofilm. This study aimed to identify the chemical components responsible for the antibiofilm activity of Enterobacter sp. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the aqueous extract at the concentration of 32 μg/mL could dissociate the mature biofilm. Liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry revealed seven potential compounds in the aqueous extract, including alkaloids, macrolides, steroids, and triterpenes. This study also suggests a possible mode of action on staphylococcal biofilms and supports the potential of sponge-derived Enterobacter as a source of antibiofilm compounds.