Volatile organic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure in asphalt paving: measurement by Proton Transfer Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry, Monte Carlo-based risk evaluation, and recommendations for risk reduction.

Research on worker exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during asphalt paving operations remains significantly limited, and regulatory frameworks governing such exposures are also insufficient. Previous studies have primarily focused on a limited number of major VOCs. However, this study employs high-resolution, high-performance Proton Transfer Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) to comprehensively evaluate exposure levels to 25 different VOCs. Additionally, Monte Carlo simulations were utilized to assess both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks, thereby providing foundational data for future risk mitigation strategies. During asphalt paving operations, the concentrations of most VOCs increased by a factor of 2 to 10 compared to background levels. Nevertheless, none of the measured compounds exceeded 8-h time-weighted average occupational exposure limits; however, acrolein exceeded the ceiling threshold limit value established by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, indicating the need for peak-exposure control. The non-carcinogenic risk assessment revealed that the maximum Hazard Quotient (HQ) values for acetaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, and acrolein exceeded 1, indicating potential adverse health effects. Furthermore, the Lifetime Cancer Risk (LCR) values for benzene and 1,3-butadiene surpassed established safety thresholds, confirming a significant increase in carcinogenic risk. Furthermore, this study proposes measures to reduce exposure to hazardous substances.