Nickel nanoparticle modified conductive hydrogel composite for wearable enzyme-free biosensor toward noninvasive diabetes monitoring.

Wearable biosensors have emerged as a pivotal technology for diabetes management, enabling noninvasive glucose monitoring through sweat analysis. While conventional enzyme-based systems face limitations in stability and manufacturing scalability, this study pioneers an enzyme-free flexible sensor utilizing a nickel nanoparticle Modified conductive hydrogel composite. By integrating polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) crosslinked with ethylene glycol (EG) into a PEDOT:PSS matrix, we engineered adhesive hydrogel films with dual-phase conductivity enhancement via EG-mediated chain alignment and fatigue-resistant Ni nanoparticle dispersion. The optimized sensor demonstrated robust mechanical-electrical coupling under dynamic strain, achieving clinically relevant sensitivity and detection limits for sweat glucose quantification. Validation against commercial glucometers confirmed measurement reliability, addressing the challenge in interfacial delamination. This work establishes a scalable paradigm for enzyme-free wearable biosensors, leveraging synergistic material design to advance continuous glucose monitoring strategies critical for diabetes care.