Insights into hallucinations in schizophrenia: novel treatment approaches.

Novel strategies are needed in the treatment of hallucinations as a subgroup of patients with pathological hallucinations (>30%) do not respond to antipsychotics or are not compliant with medication. We review recently developed biological and cognitive treatments. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation concerns neuromodulation targeted at aberrant activity in regions shown to be hyperactive in neuroimaging studies. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has been shown to reduce auditory hallucinations in several studies. However, not all studies have confirmed such effects, and a number of questions remain. With regard to cognitive therapeutic approaches, new proposals include attention training, acceptance and commitment therapy, and competitive memory training. After a brief discussion of these approaches, we take stock of recent advances and discuss avenues for future research.