Cocaine-related fatalities in New South Wales, Australia 1993-2002.

AIM: To ascertain the demographic characteristics, circumstances of death, toxicological results, and major autopsy findings of cocaine-related fatalities.

DESIGN

Inspection of the coronial records of all cocaine-related deaths that occurred in New South Wales, Australia between 1 January 1993 and 31 December 2002.

SETTING

New South Wales, Australia.

FINDINGS: 146 cases were identified. Cocaine was implicated in the direct cause of death in 86% of cases, an antecedent cause in 8% and a significant condition contributing to death in 7%. The mean age of decedents was 34.1 years, and 84% were male. Half were employed, and 26% were in professional employment. The predominant route of administration was injection (86%), however nasal (8%), oral (3%), smoking (1%), and anal (1%) administration were all recorded. The most common location of death was a private home (53%). No intervention occurred prior to death in 82% of cases. The median blood benzoylecgonine concentration was 0.40 mg/L (range 0.00-20.00 mg/L). Cases had a mean of 3.5 drugs, with morphine (79%) the most common co-occurring drug. In 5% of cases cocaine was the sole drug detected. Cardiac pathology was noted in 57% of cases, most commonly coronary artery atherosclerosis (39%) and cardiac hypertrophy (14%). In 15% of cases moderate to severe arterial occlusion was noted. Cerebrovascular pathology was noted in 22% of cases, most commonly cerebrovascular atherosclerosis (10%).

CONCLUSIONS

Cocaine-related deaths are a significant clinical problem in New South Wales.