Multidimensional determinants of food insecurity among households in Somalia: evidence from the 2018/2019 Somalia health and demographic survey.

BACKGROUND

Food insecurity remains a critical public health and development challenge in Somalia, particularly among rural and nomadic households, who are vulnerable to climate shocks, poor infrastructure, and socioeconomic constraints. Evidence on its scale and determinants is needed to guide targeted interventions.

OBJECTIVES

To estimate the prevalence of food insecurity and associated multidimensional determinants among rural and nomadic households in Somalia.

METHODS

This study analyzed 9,399 rural and nomadic households from the 2018/2019 Somalia Health and Demographic Survey (SHDS) using the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). Multilevel ordinal logistic regression was applied to examine associated factors.

RESULTS

Overall, 58.86% of households were food secure or mildly food insecure, 9.13% experienced moderate food insecurity, and 32.01% experienced severe food insecurity. Larger household size was associated with higher odds of severe food insecurity (4-6 members: AOR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.10-1.37, p < 0.01; ≥7 members: AOR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.29-1.68, p < 0.01). Higher education was protective (AOR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.54-0.78, p < 0.01). Lack of livestock (AOR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.21-1.56, p < 0.01) and lack of electricity (AOR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.20-1.86, p < 0.01) were associated with increased risk. Wealth showed a strong protective gradient, with progressively lower odds across higher quintiles (highest: AOR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.28-0.53, p < 0.01). Nomadic households had lower odds of severe food insecurity than rural households (AOR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.70-0.87, p < 0.01). Significant regional disparities were observed, with higher odds in Central (AOR = 2.45, p < 0.01) and Southern (AOR = 4.80, p < 0.01) regions compared to the North.

CONCLUSION

Food insecurity in Somalia is shaped by socioeconomic, livelihood, and geographic factors. Targeted social protection, livelihood strengthening, and improved access to basic services are essential to reduce inequalities.