Adaptive changes in withdrawal reflexes after noxious stimulation at the heel and the toes in the decerebrated rabbit.

In decerebrated rabbits, reflexes evoked by electrical stimulation of the toes in the ankle flexor tibialis anterior were enhanced for > 30 min after application of 20% mustard oil to the base of the toes, whereas responses of the ankle extensor medial gastrocnemius to stimulation of the heel were depressed for > 20 min by the same stimulus. Applied to the heel, mustard oil had inconsistent effects on the flexor reflex but potentiated the extensor response for approximately 1 h. Intrathecal co-administration of naloxone (25 microg) with the selective alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist RX 821002 (200 microg) enhanced both reflexes to more than twice pre-drug values and reduced or abolished all effects of mustard oil. These data confirm that the location of a noxious stimulus is an important determinant of the subsequent adaptive changes in reflexes, and indicate roles for endogenous opioids and noradrenaline in these processes.