Metabolic syndrome - Evidence-based strategies for patient optimization.

With the increasing prevalence of obesity worldwide, it is inevitable that anesthesiologists will encounter patients with metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome encompasses multiple diseases, which include central obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia. Given the involvement of multiple diseases, metabolic syndrome involves numerous complex pathophysiological processes that negatively impact several organ systems. Some of the organ systems that have been well-documented to be adversely affected include the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and endocrine systems. Metabolic syndrome also leads to prolonged hospital stays, increased rates of infections, a greater need for care after discharge, and overall increased healthcare costs. Several interventions have been suggested to mitigate these negative outcomes ranging from lifestyle modifications to surgeries. Therefore, anesthesiologists should understand metabolic syndrome and formulate management strategies that may modify perianesthetic and surgical risks.