Human sperm RNA in male infertility.

The function and value of specific sperm RNAs in apparently idiopathic male infertility are currently poorly understood. Whether differences exist in the sperm RNA profile between patients with infertility and fertile men needs clarification. Similarly, the utility of sperm RNAs in predicting successful sperm retrieval and assisted reproductive technique (ART) outcome is unknown. Patients with infertility and fertile individuals seem to have differences in the expression of non-coding RNAs that regulate genes controlling spermatogenesis. Several RNAs seem to influence embryo quality and development. Also, RNA types seem to predict successful sperm retrieval in patients with azoospermia. These findings suggest that sperm RNAs could influence decision-making during the management of patients with infertility. This evidence might help to identify possible therapeutic approaches aimed at modulating the expression of dysregulated genes in patients with infertility. Performing prospective studies with large sample sizes is necessary to investigate cost-effective panels consisting of proven molecular targets to ensure that this evidence can be translated to clinical practice.