Composting effect and antibiotic removal under a new temperature control strategy.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of a new temperature control strategy in the co-composting process to accelerate operation cycle and remove antibiotics from mixed organic wastes. The evaluation of the composting process showed that composting with temperature control (TC) was completed within 14 days. The final compost of TC exhibited a 10% higher degradation of organic matters, more humus formation and 11.25% lower heavy metals concentration than conventional composting (CC), which fully met the Chinese National Agricultural Organic Fertilizer Standard requirements. The degradation extent and kinetic of macrolides, tetracyclines, sulfonamides and fluoroquinolones showed that the removal efficiency of total antibiotics in TC was 23.58% higher than CC, with less half-life, which was significantly correlated with higher temperature. Particularly, the highest removal was observed for sulfonamides (87.45%) in TC, the half-life of which was reduced by 75.95% compared with CC. The higher degradation rate was attributed to enhanced decomposition of unstable antibiotics and degrading activity of microbes at high temperature. The microbiological analysis showed that the external heating led to a distinct composition and succession of bacterial community in TC. Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota and Bacteroidota were dominant and the emergence of Patescibacteria and Chloroflexi at cooling period in TC proved that the later composting environment was in an oligotrophic state. Current research provided a promising rapid composting approach for high-quality fertilizer production and antibiotic management in organic waste disposal.