Feedback and feedforward control are differentially delayed in cerebellar ataxia.

Damage to the cerebellum can cause ataxia, a condition associated with impaired movement coordination. Typically, coordinated movement relies on a combination of anticipatory mechanisms (specifically, feedforward control) and corrective mechanisms (embodied by feedback control). Here, we show that in 3D reaching in VR, ataxia preserves the visuomotor feedforward and feedback control structure compared to the control group. However, the ataxia group exhibits a small increase in feedback delay (~ 20 ms) and a substantial increase in feedforward delay (~ 70 ms) together with a reduced feedback gain (~ 25% lower). Our results suggest that the feedforward and feedback pathways remain largely intact in ataxia, but that time delay deficits and temoral discoordination amongst these control pathways may contribute to the disorder. We also find that providing a preview-analogous to driving on a clear night and seeing the road ahead vs. driving in the fog-improves tracking performance in the ataxia group, although the control group was significantly better able to exploit this preview information. Overall, our results indicate that the feedforward control and preview utilization are relatively well-preserved in individuals with cerebellar ataxia, and that preview could potentially be leveraged to enhance the feedforward performance of those with ataxia.