The role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in pregnant women: A review.

Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) infection represents a significant public health concern, particularly among pregnant women, due to its association with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth and low birth weight. Neutrophils, as key components of the innate immune system, play a crucial role in the host defense against TV infection. However, the precise role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of TV infection during pregnancy remains poorly understood. Neutrophils are the first line of defense against invading pathogens, employing various mechanisms such as phagocytosis, degranulation, and the release of reactive oxygen species to eliminate microbial threats. In the context of TV infection, neutrophils are recruited to the site of infection in the vaginal mucosa, where they encounter and attempt to eradicate the parasite. Pregnancy imposes unique immunological challenges, characterized by dynamic alterations in the maternal immune system to accommodate the semiallogeneic fetus while maintaining protection against infections. Hormonal changes, including increased levels of progesterone and estrogen, modulate immune responses during pregnancy, potentially influencing neutrophil function and susceptibility to TV infection. Moreover, pregnancy-related factors such as cervical ectopy and alterations in vaginal microbiota may create a favorable environment for TV colonization and persistence. The implications of TV infection during pregnancy extend beyond maternal health, affecting neonatal outcomes and long-term child health. Preterm birth and low birth weight, often associated with TV infection, are significant contributors to neonatal morbidity and mortality.