Recent advances in the detection of drugs of abuse by dried blood spots.

The purpose of this review study was to sum up the main recent advances reported in the scientific literature about the detection of common drugs of abuse in biological samples upon their collection by dried blood spot devices. The most recent, innovative and fully validated methods for the qualitative and/or quantitative detection of common drugs of abuse are reported, including alprazolam, clonazepam, diazepam, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3,4-methyl-enedioxyethylamphetamine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, 6-monoacetylmorphine, morphine, codeine, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, oxycodone, noroxycodone, tramadol, methadone, buprenorphine, fentanyl, ketamine and their respective metabolites and γ-hydroxybutyric acid. Dried blood spot proved to be extremely promising for routine analysis of forensic cases, although large-scale experiments on real samples need to be performed to confirm the emerging advantages of the technique and remove the potential limitations still affecting its widespread application.