Endoplasmic reticulum stress: A common pharmacologic target of cardioprotective drugs.

Despite the advances made in cardiovascular disease prevention, there is still substantial residual risk of adverse cardiovascular events. Contemporary evidence suggests that additional reduction in cardiovascular disease risk can be achieved through amelioration of cellular stresses, notably inflammatory stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Only two clinical trials with anti-inflammatory agents have supported the role of inflammatory stress in cardiovascular risk. However, there are no clinical trials with selective ER stress modifiers to test the hypothesis that reducing ER stress can reduce cardiovascular disease. Nevertheless, the ER stress hypothesis is supported by recent pharmacologic studies revealing that currently available cardioprotective drugs share a common property of reducing ER stress. These drug classes include angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor blockers, β-adrenergic receptor blockers, statins, and select antiglycemic agents namely, metformin, glucagon like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors. Although these drugs ameliorate common risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia, their cardioprotective effects may be partially independent of their principal effects on cardiovascular risk factors. Clinical trials with selective ER stress modifiers are needed to test the hypothesis that reducing ER stress can reduce cardiovascular disease.