Drug management in skin surgery.

Lidocaine (lignocaine) 1% with epinephrine (adrenaline) 1:200,000 (maximum dose 40mL) is the agent of choice in skin surgery. It can be used at all sites except the fingers, toes and penis, where epinephrine should be avoided. Epinephrine-induced vasoconstriction delays local anaesthetic clearance, thus prolonging its effect and, by reducing peak blood lidocaine concentrations, enables a higher maximum dose to be used. Adding epinephrine, however, introduces the possibility of a drug interaction with tricyclic antidepressants and nonselective beta-blockers. Also, injection pain is greater because of the acidic sodium metabisulphite that has to be added to prevent epinephrine oxidation. Injection pain can be reduced by buffering the solution using sodium bicarbonate. There are no drug interactions that prevent the use of plain lidocaine: injection pain is least with 0.5% solutions. Injection of large volumes of very dilute lidocaine solutions (tumescent anaesthesia) enables higher maximum doses of lidocaine to be tolerated and large areas to be anaesthetised by infiltration. Amethocaine gel is a faster acting and more effective topical anaesthetic compared with eutectic lidocaine-prilocaine cream, but is a topical sensitiser. In high risk patients, prophylactic antibiotics should be given to prevent bacterial endocarditis when operating on infected lesions and on potentially colonised crusted lesions in high-risk patients (i.e. those with prosthetic heart valves). Wound infections following surgery on infected skin lesions can be prevented by the prophylactic use of mupirocin ointment. Aspirin-induced inhibition of platelet adhesion results in bleeding complications in approximately 15% of skin surgery patients receiving aspirin. Patients whose bleeding time is > 8 minutes are particularly at risk, and aspirin should be stopped at least 7 days prior to surgery in these patients. Aspirin can be continued in other patients without serious bleeding complications.